Animal models have traditionally been used for drug assessment and toxicity testing, yet they often yield different results from humans due to species differences and variability. Additionally, animal experiments are high in cost, limiting the evaluation of numerous compounds.

To address these limitations, biologists have turned to in vitro cell-culture-based assays. However, since toxins affect multiple organs, a single cellular model may not effectively simulate their transportation in the human body, particularly for complex pathways involving food toxins in pregnant women and their potential effects on foetal organs.

During pregnancy, the placenta serves a crucial function by facilitating the transfer of essential nutrients as well as drugs and toxins from the mother to the developing foetus. This process is significant as it influences the overall development and well-being of the foetus in the womb.

In a study, scientists assessed the potential of a maternal metabolic toxin to cross the placental barrier and its important effect on foetal neurodevelopment. To study the impact of maternal exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1; mycotoxin) on the developing neurons and central nervous system of the foetus, researchers developed an in vitro model consisting of various human cell lines. This model accurately represents the maternal hepatic metabolism, placental barriers, and the developing central nervous system (CNS) of the foetus. The findings revealed that exposure to AFB1 close to the levels of the China national safety standard (GB-2761-2011) [2] can have detrimental effects on foetal neural stem cells (NSCs). These effects include apoptosis, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in cell membrane permeability, and damage to cellular DNA. Note that the maximum levels in European Union are generally lower.

These results suggest that even at concentrations considered safe according to regulations in China, the ingestion of AFB1 during pregnancy can pose a significant risk to the neurological development of the baby. These alarming results emphasize the importance of avoiding AFB1 intake, even at low concentrations, to protect the health and well-being of the developing foetus.

By using this newly constructed model, researchers can gain valuable insights into the effects of various food toxins on foetal neurodevelopment, leading to potential improvements in safety regulations and better protect infants.